What is ascorbic acid CAS 50 81 7?

Introduction to Ascorbic Acid (CAS 50-81-7)

Ascorbic acid, commonly known as Vitamin C, is a vital nutrient for humans and certain other animal species. It is well-known for its antioxidant properties and its role in collagen synthesis, which is essential for the maintenance of connective tissues. The chemical formula for ascorbic acid is C₆H₈O₆, and it is assigned the CAS number 50-81-7. This compound is widely used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, cosmetics, and agriculture.

Chemical Properties

Ascorbic acid is a white or slightly yellow crystalline powder with a slightly acidic taste. It is highly soluble in water, with a solubility of about 330 grams per liter at 20°C. The compound is also soluble in ethanol but insoluble in ether and chloroform. Ascorbic acid is a weak acid, with a pKa of 4.2, meaning it can donate a proton (H⁺) in aqueous solutions, making it an effective antioxidant.

Biological Functions

Antioxidant Activity

One of the primary roles of ascorbic acid is its function as an antioxidant. It neutralizes free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body, thereby protecting cells and tissues from oxidative damage. This property is crucial in preventing chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Collagen Synthesis

Ascorbic acid is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that is a major component of connective tissues such as skin, tendons, and ligaments. It acts as a cofactor for the enzymes prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase, which are involved in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues in collagen. This hydroxylation is necessary for the stability and function of collagen fibers.

Immune Function

Vitamin C plays a significant role in enhancing the immune system. It stimulates the production and function of white blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and phagocytes, which are crucial for fighting infections. Additionally, ascorbic acid enhances the skin's barrier function and promotes wound healing.

Industrial Applications

Pharmaceuticals

In the pharmaceutical industry, ascorbic acid is used in the formulation of various medications and supplements. It is commonly included in multivitamin preparations and is also available as a standalone supplement. Ascorbic acid is used to treat and prevent scurvy, a disease caused by Vitamin C deficiency. Additionally, it is used in topical formulations for its antioxidant properties and its role in collagen synthesis, which helps in skin rejuvenation and wound healing.

Food and Beverages

Ascorbic acid is widely used as a food additive due to its antioxidant properties, which help preserve the color, flavor, and nutritional value of food products. It is commonly added to processed foods, fruit juices, and beverages to prevent oxidation and extend shelf life. In the baking industry, ascorbic acid is used as a dough conditioner to improve the quality and texture of bread.

Cosmetics

In the cosmetics industry, ascorbic acid is valued for its skin-brightening and anti-aging properties. It is used in various skincare products, including serums, creams, and lotions, to reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation. Ascorbic acid also helps protect the skin from damage caused by UV radiation and environmental pollutants.

Agriculture

Ascorbic acid is used in agriculture to enhance plant growth and resistance to stress. It is often included in plant growth regulators and fertilizers to improve crop yield and quality. Ascorbic acid helps plants cope with environmental stressors such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures by enhancing their antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Safety and Toxicity

Ascorbic acid is generally considered safe for consumption and use in various applications. The recommended daily intake for adults is 75-90 mg, with higher doses recommended for individuals with increased needs, such as smokers and pregnant women. While ascorbic acid is water-soluble and excess amounts are excreted in the urine, extremely high doses (greater than 2,000 mg per day) can lead to adverse effects such as gastrointestinal disturbances, including diarrhea and abdominal cramps.

Conclusion

Ascorbic acid (CAS 50-81-7) is a versatile and essential compound with a wide range of applications in various industries. Its antioxidant properties, role in collagen synthesis, and immune-boosting effects make it a valuable nutrient for human health. Additionally, its use in pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, cosmetics, and agriculture highlights its importance in enhancing the quality and functionality of products in these sectors. Despite its numerous benefits, it is essential to use ascorbic acid within recommended limits to avoid potential adverse effects.